Glucose

Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆, which is often abbreviated as Glc. It is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. It is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. It is used by plants to make cellulose, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world, for use in cell walls, and by all living organisms to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used by the cell as energy.

d-Glucose

Skeletal formula of d-glucose
Haworth projection of α-d-glucopyranose
Fischer projection of d-glucose
Names
Pronunciation	/ˈɡluːkoʊz/, /ɡluːkoʊs/
IUPAC names d-Glucose ᴅ-gluco-Hexose
Systematic IUPAC name (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal (linear form) (3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol (cyclic form)
Other names Blood sugars Dextrose Corn sugar d-Glucose Grape sugar
Identifiers
CAS Number	50-99-7 Y 492-62-6 (α-d-glucopyranose) Y
3D model (JSmol)	α-d-glucopyranose: Interactive image β-d-glucopyranose: Interactive image
Abbreviations	Glc
Beilstein Reference	1281604
ChEBI	CHEBI:4167 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1222250 Y
ChemSpider	5589 Y
EC Number	200-075-1
Gmelin Reference	83256
IUPHAR/BPS	4536
KEGG	C00031 Y
MeSH	Glucose
PubChem CID	5793
RTECS number	LZ6600000
UNII	5SL0G7R0OK Y 5J5I9EB41E (α-d-glucopyranose) Y
InChI InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1 Y Key: WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Y
SMILES α-d-glucopyranose: C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)O)O)O)O)O β-d-glucopyranose: OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O
Properties
Chemical formula	C6H12O6
Molar mass	180.156 g/mol
Appearance	White powder
Density	1.54 g/cm3
Melting point	α-d-Glucose: 146 °C (295 °F; 419 K) β-d-Glucose: 150 °C (302 °F; 423 K)
Solubility in water	909 g/L (25 °C (77 °F))
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−101.5×10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment	10.5674
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	218.6 J/(K·mol)
Std molar entropy (S⦵298)	209.2 J/(K·mol)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−1271 kJ/mol
Heat of combustion, higher value (HHV)	2,805 kJ/mol (670 kcal/mol)
Pharmacology
ATC code	B05CX01 (WHO) V04CA02 (WHO), V06DC01 (WHO)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	0 1 0
Safety data sheet (SDS)	ICSC 08655
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. Glucose for metabolism is stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as amylose and amylopectin, and in animals as glycogen. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. The naturally occurring form is d-glucose, while its stereoisomer l-glucose is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is less biologically active. Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group, and is therefore an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form. Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in its free state in fruits and other parts of plants. In animals, it is released from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis.

Glucose, as intravenous sugar solution, is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is also on the list in combination with sodium chloride (table salt).

The name glucose is derived from Ancient Greek γλεῦκος (gleûkos) 'wine, must', from γλυκύς (glykýs) 'sweet'. The suffix -ose is a chemical classifier denoting a sugar.